Chemical Imbalance

A Chemical Imbalance in My brain or my childs brain ? Realy ? There is A New "brain chemical test" for this . And this new drug will and this new test works.

"Chemical Imbalance play" jekyll and hyde drugs ? mabey it will give me a Chemical Imbalance I didnt have before !

Do you have a Brain scan of some sort ? one Mabey using some sort of electro-magnetic energy to show me this dysfunction of unbalanced brain chemicals ?

This Is how the new test works http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UnJ4H8JLmM

http://www.drugs.com/comments/olanzapine/zyprexa.html
"My 6 yr old son was diagnosed with bipolar disorder I thought it was ADHD but they started him on zyprexa and we've seen a lot of improvement in his behavior.would highly recommend, Virtually no side effects. He eats a little more but most 6 yr old hyperactive boys could stand to eat a little more."

Real comment nov 18 2011 advertizing ! mabey they should take that down.

6 years old, fing zyprexa ! What kind of evil quack would do that ?

Fox, Douglas Kennedy, Lilly pays $1.42 billion in Zyprexa suit ...

Look at this video ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_iXApBeT5s

Fox National, America's News HQ, Douglas Kennedy reports on Eli Lilly about Zyprexa's shameful off ...

Acetylcholine - synthesized from Choline, Lecithin, and panthothenic acid (B5), or Diethylaminoethanol (DMAE)

You gave the child addictive zyprexa to block dopamine, realy ? http://www.fightforkids.org



-Dopamine - synthesized from amino acid Levodopa
- Alertness
- Motivation
- motor control
- immune function
- Ego hardening, confidence, optimism
- Sexual Desire
- Fat gain and loss
- lean muscle gain
- Bone density
- ability to sleep soundly
- Inhibits prolactin
- thinking, planning, and problem solving <<<<<
- Increase psychic and creative ability
- Reduction of compulsivety
- Increase sociability

Serotonin (5-HT) - Synthesized from amino acid L-tryptophan with co-factor Niacin (B3), through the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

- Decrease thought
- Anaesthesize emotions
- Decrease Agression and anger
- Decrease Anxiety
- Promote satiety and decrease appetite
- Elevates Pain threshold
- Reduces compulsivety/impulsivety
- Decrease Sexual Desire
- Orgasm
- Thermoregulation (5-HT1A)
- Stimulate Emesis (5-HT3)
- Cerebrospinal fluid secretion (5-HT2C)
- Platelate aggregation (5-HT2A)
- Smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation (5-HT2A)
- Release oxytocin (5-HT1A)
- Learning (5-HT2A & 5-HT4)
- Memory (5-HT4)
- Neuronal excitation (5-HT2A, 5-HT3, & 5-HT4)
- GI motility (5-HT4)
- Neuronal inhibition (5-HT1A)
- Cerebral vasoconstriction (5-HT1D)
- Pulmonary vasoconstriction (5-HT1B)
- Presynaptic inhbition (5-HT1B)


Norepinephrine - Synthesized from Dopamine with co-factor of vitamin C through the intermediate DOPAC.


- Increase physical energy
- Reduce compulsivety
- Increase heart rate
- Increase BP
- Aggression
- Alertness
- Wakefulness/sleep cycle
- Memory and learning
- Orgasm
- Decrease blood flow to extremities
- Increase heart rate
- Maintenance of attention
- Orgasm
- Cerebral plasticity

Epinephrine - Synthesized from Norepinephrine. Also know as adrenaline, acts as both neurotransmitter and hormone. Oxidizes into Adrenochrome.

- increases supply of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles
- Surpresses digestion
- Increase heart rate and stroke volume
- Pupil dilation
- constricts arterioles in skin and GI tract
- Dilates arterioles in skeletal muscles
- Elevates blood sugar levels

GABA - synthesized from glutamate
- Reduce physical tension
- Reduce Anxiety
- Reduce Insomnia
- Elevates pain threshold
- Reduces blood pressure
- Decrease heart rate
- Reduce compulsivety

Prolactin
- Inhibition of Dopamine
- Decreases sex hormones - estrogen in women, testosterone in men
- Stimulates proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
These cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the cells
responsible for the formation of myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system.

Nitric oxide
- vasodilation, thins blood
- reduces platelate stickiness, blood coagulation, wound healing
- vasopressin release
- stimulation of guanyl cyclase > GTP > cGMP. GMP lays a role in the relaxation of smooth muscle (including penis to facilitate erection), the inhibition of platelet aggregation and participates in signal transduction within the nervous system. Moreover, cGMP is involved in the regulation of the water and electrolyte balance as well as in the metabolism of the bone. cGMP is also involved
in retinal phototransduction--that is the conversion of a light signal received by a nerve receptor, to an electrical signal transmitted to the brain. This might help explain transcendental vision, that is the radical increase in visual acuity and sensory perception in general.
- involved in apoptosis, and DNA breakage and mutation
- enables macrophages to kill tumor cells and bacteria


Histamine - synthesized from L-histidine with co-factors folic acid, niacin, and copper.

H1
- Vasodilation
- Bronchoconstriction
- Smooth muscle activation
- separation of endothelial cells (responsible for hives)
- Pain and itching due to insect stings
- Allergic rhinitis
- Motion sickness

H2
- stimulates gastric acid secretion
- Potent stimulant of cAMP production
- increases the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and release Ca2+ from intracellular stores.

H3
- presynaptically inhibits the release of a number of other neurotransmitters including, but probably not
limited to dopamine, histamine, GABA, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and 5-HT. It leads to inhibition of the formation of cAMP

H4
- H4 Receptors mediate Chemotaxis and Calcium Mobilization of Mast Cells


Vasopressin

- Water retention
- raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction (AVPR1A)
- Platellate aggregation (AVPR1A)
- involved in aggression, blood pressure regulation and temperature regulation.
- It has been implicated in memory formation, including delayed reflexes, image, short- and long-term memory (controversial)
- increases peripheral vascular resistance and thus increases arterial blood pressure
- adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress (AVPR1B)
- social interpretation of olfactory cues (AVPR1B)
- Gluconeogenesis (AVPR1A)
- Social Recognition (AVPR1A)
- Increases mental clarity and memory when used as nootropic

Oxytocin
- spontaneous erections and orgasm
- water retention (slight)
- inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and vasopressin
- bonding
- decreased repetitive behaviors and improved interpretation of emotions
- Maternal behaviour
- increased trust and reduced fear
- Affecting generosity by increasing empathy during perspective taking.
- inhibition of development of tolerance to various drugs (opiates, cocaine, alcohol), and reduced withdrawals.
- impair learning and memory retrieval in certain aversive memory tasks

Endocannabinoids - synthesized from an essential fatty acid. Endogenous cannabinoids include anandamine, 2-AG, Noladin Ether, NADA, and OAD

- reduce GABA release in interneurons of the basolateral amygdala, thereby helping to extinguish the fear-conditioned response.
- Memory
- Development of opiate tolerance
- control of appetite and food intake
- long term potentiation

Endogenous opioids - Include Enkephalin, Beta-endorphin, Dynorphin, Endomorphin, Nociceptin, opiorphin, and morphine. Enkephalin is the ligand for delta receptors and also has a high affinity for Mu-opioid receptors. Dynorphin is the ligand for kappa receptors. Beta-endorphin has an affinity for mostly Mu, but also delta and kappa. Endomorphin is the ligand for Mu. Nociceptin for ORL receptors. Opiorphin is found in saliva and inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Enkephalin and B-Endorphin called Enkephalinase. Little is know about the role of Morphine in the body, but speculating from the effects of exogenous morphine, it would bind to Mu-receptors.

Mu-1
- Supraspinal Analgesia
- Physical dependence


Mu-2
- Respiratory depression
- Miosis
- Euphoria
- Reduced GI motility
- Physical dependence

Kappa
- Spinal Analgesia
- Sedation
- Inhibition of vasopressin release
- Miosis

Delta
- Anti-depressant effects
- Analgesia
- Physical dependence


ORL
- Depression
- Appetite
- Anxiety
- Development of tolerance to mu-agonists

Sigma Receptors - Little is know about these enigmatic receptors, but possible ligands include DHEA (sigma 1), and endogenous N, N-DMT with slight affinity for both sigma receptors. Effects of sigma receptor stimulation include:

- hypertonia (increased muscle tension)
- tachycardia
- tachypnea (increased breathing rate)
- mydriasis (pupil dilation)
- Euphoria or dysphoria
- anti-depressant effects

Other neurotransmitters include

Glycine
Glutamate and Aspartate - excitatory neurotransmitters that bind to the NMDA receptor. Can be synthesized from L-glutamine, glucose, or lipids. A metabolite of tryptophan in the absence of Niacin may produce kyunerinic acid, is also an NMDA excitatory neurotransmitter.
Melatonin - Synthesized from the methylation of serotonin. Regulates circadian rhythms and has powerful anti-oxidant effects.
Trace Amines - Include tryptamine, Phenylethylamine, tyramine, octopamine, 3-iodothyronamine, and others. Bind to the TAAR receptors.

GHB - bind to GHB receptor(s), and GABAb subunit receptor.
Niacin - Also know as vitamin B3, also acts as a neurotransmitter
Orexin - Also know as hypocretin. Plays a role in wakefullness and appetite.




- Yan Niemczycki

Note: There are four criteria by which neurotransmitters are defined.
1. It must be synthesized in the presynaptic cell.
2. It must be released by the presynaptic terminal in sufficient quantities to produce a measurable effect on the postsynaptic cell.
3. When administered artificially, it mimics natural release.
4. A specific, known mechanism exists for it to be removed from the synaptic cleft.

Of all the neurochemicals listed here, the following ten actually fit this definition. The remainder are all neuromodulators.
1. Glutamate
2. GABA
3. Glycine
4. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
5. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
6. Dopamine
7. Serotonin
8. Acetylcholine
9. Histamine
10. ATP/adenosine

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/List_all_the_ ... z1e5o7KXSO

The "chemical imbalance hypothesis" is problematic for reasons other than those that you mentioned. There are, of course, no biological tests you can perform to demonstrate how many neurotransmitters are active, how many receptor sites someone has for a given neurotransmitter, what the rate of reuptake is, etcetra. However, this isn't really problematic. Psychaitrists are just making an inference based on theories they have developed over the past few decades about the biological basis for certain mental disorders. The problem is that "chemical imbalance" is such a vague and imprecise way of speaking about neurology. If you want to move your pinky finger you must depolarize millions of neurons which communicate to each other through, you guessed it, chemical imbalances. All neuronal transmission is done through "chemical imbalances". Thus, the theory is successful just because it is so general that it could not be false.

This is why the philosopher of science Karl Popper put forward the suggested requirement for scientific theories that they be risky. That is, they predicate precise occurances or provide specific explanations for certain outcomes. A physist who says "gravity has something to do with natural laws" or a biologist who says "the brain has something to do with vision" is not following Popper's suggestions and in turn seems to be evading scietific rigour for some self serving reason.

Perhaps this is because what we know about the biological basis of mental disorders is modest at best. Which is hardly something Psychiatrists can be blamed for. They can, however, be blamed for making grandiose claims supported by vague and imprecise theories.

Current knowledge about the intricate patterns connecting brain cells called neurons is extremely limited. Yet identifying these patterns is essential to understanding how the brain functions when healthy and how it fails to function when injured or diseased. Recent research suggests that some brain disorders, like autism and schizophrenia, may result from errors in the development of neural circuits.

Advanced technologies, along with faster and more data-efficient computers, are making it possible to:

•Trace the connections between individual neurons in animal models.
•Learn more about brain dysfunction in mental health disorders and neurological disease.

- http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename= ... 09_mapping

My brain has long term memory, short term memory, processing and Emotion

Emotion is a complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience."[1] Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. Motivations direct and energize behavior, while emotions provide the affective component to motivation, positive or negative.

I agree with Mr Spock emotion is illogical .

In philosophy, Logic (from the Greek λογική logikē)[1] is the formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. It examines general forms which arguments may take, which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. In philosophy, the study of logic is applied in most major areas: ontology, epistemology, ethics, metaphysics. In mathematics, it is the study of valid inferences within some formal language.[2] Logic is also studied in argumentation theory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory


A classical example of the distinction between theoretical and practical uses the discipline of medicine: Medical theory and theorizing involves trying to understand the causes and nature of health and sickness, while the practical side of medicine is trying to make people healthy. These two things are related but can be independent, because it is possible to research health and sickness without curing specific patients, and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing how the cure worked.

Im a Doctor not a rocket scientist Mr. Spock

If our moral psychology is a Darwinian adaptation, what does that say about human nature? About social policy, which always presupposes something about human nature? About morality itself?
- Steven Pinker

Morality is often considered to be the domain of philosophers, not biologists. But scientists have often wondered what role our genomes play in directing our moral compass. Today, a paper was published in the open access journal PLoS ONE which found moral decision making was influenced by different forms of a single gene.

Picture yourself standing at branching train tracks with a unstoppable train barreling towards you. On one side, an evil villain has tied five people, while on the other, he has tied only one. You’ve got the switch in your hands which chooses which track the train goes down. Do you feel it’s morally acceptable to choose to kill the one instead of the five?

The scenario above is an example of foreseen harm. When such harm is unintentional, like in the train situation, most people are willing to go with Spock and say that the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few. But previous research has found that people taking a particular group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were different – overall, they were less willing to say that killing the one person is morally justified, even if it’s unavoidable.

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/sci ... oral-gene/

And giving a 6-year old zyprexa ? I can't understand this after taking it myself and getting realy sick from it. What happends when stop taking zyprexa ? coming off a major tranquiliser, antipsychotic can be very dramatic... www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWaVxmEovPI

The basic concept is that neurotransmitter imbalances within the brain are the main causes of psychiatric conditions and that these conditions can be improved with medication which corrects these imbalances. The phrase originated from the scientific study of brain chemistry. In the 1950s the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants were accidentally discovered to be effective in the treatment of depression.
[1] These findings and other supporting evidence led Joseph Schildkraut to publish his paper called "The Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders" in 1965.
[2] Schildkraut associated low levels of neurotransmitters with depression